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13)Republic Day Parade 2019: Indias rich cultural diversity about display at Rajpath; 10 points

India Republic Day -- Upon Indias 70th Republic Day Saturday the annual march in the national capital appeared the countrys rich ethnic heritage and traditions. The particular central theme of the tableaux displayed was Mahatma Gandhi as 2019 marks last year of his 150th delivery anniversary. The might with the Indian military was upon full display and in specific womens power. Before the march celebrations kicked off along with Prime Minister Narendra Modi paying homage to the martyrs by laying a flower wreath at Amar Jawan Jyoti. At Rajpath the Prime Minister received President Ram memory Nath Kovind and To the south Africas President Cyril Ramaphosa who was the Chief Guest with Indias Republic Day 2019 event. President Kovind hoisted the tricolour as the state anthem played and a 21-gun salute was fired simply by seven cannons of 2281 Field Regiment. Republic Day Parade 2019 * Assam Rifles tableau: Participating in the particular Republic Day parade at last in history the Assam
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Pharmaceutical industry

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The pharmaceutical industry discovers, develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceutical drugs for use as medications to be administered (or self-administered) to patients, with the aim to cure them, vaccinate them, or alleviate the symptoms. Pharmaceutical companies may deal in generic or brand medications and medical devices. They are subject to a variety of laws and regulations that govern the patenting, testing, safety, efficacy and marketing of drugs.
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History

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Mid-1800s – 1945: From botanicals to the first synthetic drugs edit The modern pharmaceutical industry began with local apothecaries that expanded from their traditional role distributing botanical drugs such as morphine and quinine to wholesale manufacture in the mid-1800s, and from discoveries resulting from applied research. Intentional drug discovery from plants began with the isolation between 1803 and 1805 of morphine - an analgesic and sleep-inducing agent - from opium by the German apothecary assistant Friedrich Sertürner, who named this compound after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus. By the late 1880s, German dye manufacturers had perfected the purification of individual organic compounds from tar and other mineral sources and had also established rudimentary methods in organic chemical synthesis. The development of synthetic chemical methods allowed scientists to systematically vary the structure of chemical substances, and growth in the emerging science of pharmacology e
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Research and development

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Drug discovery is the process by which potential drugs are discovered or designed. In the past, most drugs have been discovered either by isolating the active ingredient from traditional remedies or by serendipitous discovery. Modern biotechnology often focuses on understanding the metabolic pathways related to a disease state or pathogen, and manipulating these pathways using molecular biology or biochemistry. A great deal of early-stage drug discovery has traditionally been carried out by universities and research institutions. Drug development refers to activities undertaken after a compound is identified as a potential drug in order to establish its suitability as a medication. Objectives of drug development are to determine appropriate formulation and dosing, as well as to establish safety. Research in these areas generally includes a combination of in vitro studies, in vivo studies, and clinical trials. The cost of late stage development has meant it is usually done by the la
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Product approval

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In the United States, new pharmaceutical products must be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as being both safe and effective. This process generally involves submission of an Investigational New Drug filing with sufficient pre-clinical data to support proceeding with human trials. Following IND approval, three phases of progressively larger human clinical trials may be conducted. Phase I generally studies toxicity using healthy volunteers. Phase II can include pharmacokinetics and dosing in patients, and Phase III is a very large study of efficacy in the intended patient population. Following the successful completion of phase III testing, a New Drug Application is submitted to the FDA. The FDA reviews the data and if the product is seen as having a positive benefit-risk assessment, approval to market the product in the US is granted. A fourth phase of post-approval surveillance is also often required due to the fact that even the largest clinical trials cannot effecti
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Global sales

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Top 25 drug companies by sales (2006) Company Pharma sales ($ million) Pfizer 45,083 GlaxoSmithKline / 40,156 Sanofi-Aventis 38,555 Roche 27,290 AstraZeneca 26,475 Johnson & Johnson 23,267 Novartis 22,576 Merck & Co 20,375 Wyeth 16,884 Lilly 15,691 Bristol-Myers Squibb 13,861 Boehringer Ingelheim 13,860 Amgen 13,858 Abbott Laboratories 12,395 Bayer 10,162 Takeda 8,716 Schering-Plough 8,561 Teva / 7,821 Genentech 7,640 Astellas 7,390 Novo Nordisk 7,087 Daiichi Sankyo 6,790 Baxter International 6,461 Merck KGaA 5,643 Eisai 4,703 In 2011, global spending on prescription drugs topped $954 billion, even as growth slowed somewhat in Europe and North America. The United States accounts for more than a third of the global pharmaceutical market, with $340 billion in annual sales followed by the EU and Japan. Emerging markets such as China, Russia, South Korea and Mexico outpaced that
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Marketing

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Advertising is common in healthcare journals as well as through more mainstream media routes. In some countries, notably the US, they are allowed to advertise directly to the general public. Pharmaceutical companies generally employ salespeople (often called 'drug reps' or, an older term, 'detail men') to market directly and personally to physicians and other healthcare providers. In some countries, notably the US, pharmaceutical companies also employ lobbyists to influence politicians. Marketing of prescription drugs in the US is regulated by the federal Prescription Drug Marketing Act of 1987. To healthcare professionals edit The book Bad Pharma also discusses the influence of drug representatives, how ghostwriters are employed by the drug companies to write papers for academics to publish, how independent the academic journals really are, how the drug companies finance doctors' continuing education, and how patients' groups are often funded by industry. Dire
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